The 15th century marked a turning point between the medieval world and the dawn of the modern age.
Across Europe, the Renaissance ignited a wave of creativity, discovery, and new thinking in art, science, and philosophy. Meanwhile, explorers set sail beyond known horizons, empires rose and fell, and innovations like the printing press began transforming how people shared knowledge. It was also a time of shifting power, religious upheavals, and growing global connections that reshaped trade, culture, and ideas.
By the century's end, the foundations were laid for the dramatic transformations of the Age of Exploration and the Reformation.
Ancient Rome was one of the most remarkable civilizations in human history, leaving an enduring mark on law, politics, architecture, language, and culture.
Rising from a small settlement on the banks of the Tiber River, Rome grew into a powerful republic and eventually a vast empire stretching across Europe, North Africa, and the Near East. Its achievements in governance, military innovation, engineering, and the arts shaped the foundations of Western civilization.
Yet Rome's story was also one of ambition, conquest, and internal strife, ending with the fall of the Western Empire but continuing for centuries in the East as the Byzantine Empire.